1 The fourth mail-out, sent to allnonrespondents, consists of a personalized cover letter with a handwritten signature, thequestionnaire, and a pread-dressed return envelope with postage. The sample size formula for the infinite population is given by: S S = Z 2 P ( 1 P) C 2. J.W. [Authors identified the research site and population.] Intervening variables significantly related to intent to leavewere then regressed on organizational variables, personal variables, environmental variables,and background variables. 2. Indicate the number of people who will test the instrument and the plansto incorporate their comments into final instrument revisions. (c)______ Conduct a descriptive analysis? Creswell further classifies survey endobj As one form of control, researchers randomly assign individuals to groups. This procedure eliminates the possibility of systematic differences among characteristicsof the participants that could affect the outcomes so that any differences in outcomes can be attributedto the experimental treatment (Keppel & Wickens, 2003). Then the sample of this research was 33 students. A log kept by the researchers would work equally well for this form of data.Data Analysis and Interpretation A methods discussion in a qualitative proposal needs also to specify the steps in analyzing thevarious forms of qualitative data. Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base. Refer to Table 8.4 after you complete your plan to determine if all questions have been addressed adequately.ADDITIONAL READINGSCampbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). The statistical significance testing reports anassessment as to whether the observed scores reflect a pattern other than chance. Alsoidentify the characteristics used in stratifying the population (e.g., gender, income levels, education).Within each stratum, identify whether the sample contains individuals with the characteristic in thesame proportion as the characteristic appears in the entire population. These programs are available to work on a PC orMAC. Berryman-Fink and Verderber (1985) reported internal consistency reliabilities of .86 and .89 for the original versions of these two subscales. In other words, a purposive sample is collected according to the requirements of the test, survey, or research that it'll be used for. These designs focus on datacollection, analysis, and writing, but they originate out of disciplines and flow throughout the processof research (e.g., types of problems, ethical issues of importance). They do not bring individuals into a lab (a contrived situation), nor do they typically send out instruments for individuals to complete. mixed methods research (Creswell, 2008; Cohen et al., 2007; Gliner et al., 2009; Kothari, 2010). For example, threats to external validityarise when the researcher generalizes beyond the groups in the experiment to other racial or socialgroups not under study, to settings not examined, or to past or future situations. 8. Z = Z -Value. endobj In a discussion about data collection forms, be specific about the types and include arguments concerning the strengths and weaknesses of each type, as discussed in Table 9.2. Conduct an unstructured, open-ended interview; audiotape the interview; and transcribe it. Also specify whether you will use a qualitative computer data analysis program to assist you inanalyzing the data (or whether you will hand code the data). design, population and sample, research instrument, procedure, and data analysis. In many experiments, however, only a convenience sample is possible because theinvestigator must use naturally formed groups (e.g., a classroom, an organization, a family unit) orvolunteers. [Authors identified the overall design.] Find the most descriptive wording for your topics and turn them into categories. Also mention reliability checks forthe internal consistency of the scales (i.e., the Cronbach alpha statistic). These may be public documents (e.g., newspapers, minutes of meetings, official reports) or private documents (e.g., personal journals and diaries, letters, e-mails). Marshall and Rossman (2011) discussed five typescommon across five different authors. Tavallaei and Talib (2010) further note that qualitative approaches are utilized "when the researcher's variables are unclear and unknown and when a relevant theory base is missing in any sense" (p. 571). Assuming that you proceed beyond descriptive approaches, if the proposal contains aninstrument with scales or a plan to develop scales (combining items into scales), identify thestatistical procedure (i.e., factor analysis) for accomplishing this. These variables in turn, can be measured, typically on instruments, so that numbered data can be analysed using statistical procedures.". The design also includes the specific type of experiment, such as a pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, true experiment, or single-subject design. Research Design Fifth Edition. <>21]/P 20 0 R/Pg 389 0 R/S/Link>> Practical research tips for proposal writers to address validity issues are as follows: Identify the potential threats to validity that may arise in your study. While there are no hard and fast rules . Discuss the advantage of identifying attributes of a large populationfrom a small group of individuals (Fowler, 2009). The target population is the subset of people for whom the program is designed, that you will actively recruit and retain, and for whom you will hold yourselves accountable for achieving outcomes. On what basis was this size chosen?_____________ What will be the procedure for sampling these individuals (e.g., random, nonrandom)?_____________ What instrument will be used in the survey? 4. Collect sounds (e.g., musical sounds, a childs laughter, car horns honking). For experimental research, investigators use a power analysis(Lipsey, 1990) to identify the appropriate sample size for groups. The outline of steps for a survey study began with a discussion about thepurpose, the identification of the population and sample, the survey instruments to be used, therelationship between the variables, the research questions, specific items on the survey, and steps tobe taken in the analysis and the interpretation of the data from the survey. [Validity and reliability were addressed. Sampling is a way that you can choose a smaller group of your population to research and then generalize the results of this across the larger population. Threats to construct validityoccur when investigators use inadequate definitions and measures of variables.Table 8.6 Types of Threats to External ValidityTypes of Description of Threat In Response, Actions the Researcher Can TakeThreats toExte rnal The researcher restricts claims about groups to which theValidity results cannot be generalized. In specific, measurable terms, what is the population for whom you will hold yourself accountable to meet desired outcomes? According to Smith et al., (1979), quantitative research employs the traditional, the positivist, the experimental, or the empiricist method to enquire into an identified problem. Indicate steps taken to obtain permission from the institutional review board (IRB) (see Chapter4) to protect the rights of human participants. ]Multiple regression and path analysis (Heise, 1969; Kerlinger & Pedhazur, 1973) were used toanalyze the data. After viewing the videotape that corresponded to their experimental assignment, participants completed the dependent measures and were debriefed. What specific steps will be taken in data analysis to do the following:(a)______ Analyze returns? Thismight be a discussion that mentions a chronology of events, the detailed discussion of several themes(complete with subthemes, specific illustrations, multiple perspectives from individuals, andquotations) or a discussion with interconnecting themes. These themes are the ones that appear as majorfindings in qualitative studies and are often used as headings in the findings sections (or in thefindings section of a dissertation or thesis) of studies. Forexample, in a repeated measures design, participants are assigned to different treatments at differenttimes during the experiment. Videotape or film a social situation or an individual or group. This chapter addressesthese important components of writing a good qualitative methods section into a proposal. Single-subject experimental research: Applications for literacy. Collect e-mail messages, discussion board messages (e.g., Facebook), or other forms of social media messages. From sample results, the researcher generalizes ordraws inferences to the population. For example, researchers interconnect themesinto a story line (as in narratives) or develop them into a theoretical model (as in grounded theory).Themes are analyzed for each individual case and across different cases (as in case studies) orshaped into a general description (as in phenomenology). In the design of anexperiment, the researcher identifies participants in the study, the variablesthe treatment conditionsand the outcome variablesand the instruments used for pretests and posttests and the materials to beused in the treatments. Learn more. Delimitations are the exact opposite of limitations. With randomselection or random sampling, each individual has an equal probability of being selected from thepopulation, ensuring that the sample will be representative of the population (Keppel & Wickens,2003). & Higgins, 2001; Creswell, 2003) to explain the three types of population in relation to sampling. Does the reader gain an understanding of the researchers role in the study (past historical, social, cultural_____________ experiences, personal connections to sites and people, steps in gaining entry, and sensitive ethical issues) and how they may shape interpretations made in the study?_____________ Is the purposeful sampling strategy for sites and individuals identified?_____________ Are the specific forms of data collection mentioned and a rationale given for their use?_____________ Are the procedures for recording information during the data collection detailed (such as protocols)?_____________ Are the data analysis steps identified?_____________ Is there evidence that the researcher has organized the data for analysis?_____________ Has the researcher reviewed the data generally to obtain a sense of the information?_____________ Has the researcher coded the data?_____________ Have the codes been developed to form a description and/or to identify themes?_____________ Are the themes interrelated to show a higher level of analysis and abstraction?_____________ Are the ways that the data will be represented mentionedsuch as in tables, graphs, and figures?_____________ Have the bases for interpreting the analysis been specified (personal experiences, the literature, questions, action agenda)?_____________ Has the researcher mentioned the outcome of the study (developed a theory, provided a complex picture of themes)?_____________ Have multiple strategies been cited for validating the findings?THE COMPONENTS OF QUALITATIVE METHODSThe qualitative methods section of a proposal requires attention to topics that are similar to aquantitative (or mixed methods) project. Plan to develop and use an interview protocol for asking questions and recording answers duringa qualitative interview. Indicate whether the survey will be cross-sectionalwith the data collected at one point in timeor whether it will be longitudinalwith data collected over time. This descriptive methodology focuses more on the "what" of the research subject than the "why" of the research subject. Chapter 1 opens with -- definition of research approaches and the . 5. <>39]/P 24 0 R/Pg 389 0 R/S/Link>> Cluster sampling is ideal when it is impossible or impractical to compile a list of theelements composing the population (Babbie, 2007). [Authors described the three treatment conditions variables manipulated in the study.] US English. endobj In a study of leadership in nonprofit organizations, I might learn about the impact of geo-warming on the building of the organization and how this shapes the location and proximity of individuals to one another. 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