examples of satire in animal farm quotesexamples of satire in animal farm quotes

No plagiarism, guaranteed! Discuss Animal Farm as a political satire. Animal Farm is a satire due to its ridiculing nature of comparing animals to people while at the same time encouraging people to stand up for what they believe in. On the one hand, it is simply a story about animals, one that ends badly, but still a cartoonish story in which animals have human characteristics, including the ability to speak. This concept was really a fictional way of explaining Karl Marxs Communist vision. There are many more allegorical figures and plenty of events to mirror those of the Russian Revolution., The novella by George Orwell, Animal Farm, is an allegory, or a piece of literature with a hidden meaning, of the Russian Revolution of 1917. In order to keep their own luxuries, the pigs necessarily reduce the amount of food given to the other animals, and increase their working hours because the pigs are not pulling their own weight. David Haye. It is amazing to see how this pig called by. Under Napoleon's totalitarian reign, failure has nothing to do with the leadership; instead, it's always blamed on the common working animals lack of faith or energy. Eventually, the expression is changed to "four legs good, two legs better," demonstrating that the farm animal's revolution has led to the same oppressive social system they initially sought to overthrow. Changes at Tasty Farms and Communication Networks. They walk on their hind legs, live in the farm house, and even negotiate with humans (once common enemy of Animalism) for personal gain. It is considered to be an allegory because the farm and the various controversies within it are representing Russias condition before and after its overthrow of the tyrannical tsar. Using Napolean, from Animal Farm, Orwell was able to represent the effect totalitarianism has on a. Orwell uses stereotyped animals to create the desired image of his characters. Backed up by the brute power of the dogs, they appropriate all manner of comforts and even luxuries for themselves, while reducing the the other animals to the same condition of slavery that they suffered under humans. Old Major dies before he can see the way his followers carried on, as Lenin also died before he was able to witness final results of the Revolution. And though no one cared to mention it in the hearing of the pigs or the dogs, it was felt that the killings which had taken place did not square with this. However, as Napoleon consolidates power, his regime become increasingly corrupt. Minimuss poem Friend of the fatherless! (Ch. The book was very convincing in getting the message of the Russian Revolution and how power can be dangerous when in the wrong hands, across to the readers., The novel, Animal Farm, was written by George Orwell and published in 1946. In his book, Orwell uses animals to represent prominent figures during the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia during 1917. There are many different examples of propaganda in animal farm. George Orwell characterized the anger and frustration of the Russians into a group of animals that people could understand and relate to. In the allegory "Animal Farm" each character represents a political figure from the days around the Russian Revolution. Retelling the story of the emergence and development of Soviet communism in the form of an animal fable, Animal Farm allegorizes the rise to power of the dictator Joseph Stalin. Napoleon cheated, manipulated, and killed because of greediness for one's place in power. Whereas Snowball works hard to educate the animals and improve the Farm, Napoleon trains his dogs in secret and then uses them to keep the animals in line. (chapter 10). George Orwell's Animal Farm uses satire to show the political ideology and the misuse of power in communistic society. For instance, we have the ludicrous speeches of Squealer, the regime's propagandist-in-chief. Discover how Orwell creates this political allegory and conveys themes of corruption, totalitarianism, and propaganda with the following analysis of key quotes. In George Orwells book, Animal Farm, the pigs promise the animals better lives than their current lives under Joness rule. The pigs decided to take up a leadership position in Animal Farm while all the animals worked. ThoughtCo. ", "'I have no wish to take life, not even human life,' repeated Boxer, and his eyes were full of tears. Managing Farm Dams to Facilitate Waterbird Nesting. Although the specific animals and events that he uses clearly resemble particular parallels in the real world, their status as symbols allows them to signify beyond specific times and places. In both the historical and fictional cases, the idealistic but politically less powerful figure (Trotsky and, Animal Farm is a novel written by George Orwell in the form of a fable. For example, after Napoleon runs Snowball off the farm, he asks all the animals to confess their dealings with him. Foreshadowing: The first example of foreshadowing in Animal Farm occurs with the entry of Mr. Jones in the very first chapter where it is shown that he "was too drunk to remember to shut the popholes," a foreboding that something sinister is going to happen. At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. ", "Besides, in those days they had been slaves and now they were free, and that made all the difference, as Squealer did not fail to point out. He shows as the desire or ambition to seize certain territories makes people go into, It is a language used so that not everyone could understand it and those who understood it would not feel so trampled by what came in those letters. "'Animal Farm' Quotes Explained." Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. Snowball is based on Leon Trotsky, who, while being more idealistic, was chased out of the Soviet Union and killed while in exile in Mexico. To the animals, Jones was a tyrant, always mistreating and abusing them, until one day Old Major told them of a dream he had, where the animals will be able to live in a utopia, and lead lives of peace. In the development of their supposed utopia, several problems arise and a dystopic reality sets in. In Animal Farm, Orwell uses the intelligence and cleverness of the leaders and the naivety, obedience, and ignorance of the followers to contribute to the theme of loss of freedom and equality in order to show that lies can be manipulated and disguised as the truth. Error rating book. Old Major suggests that someday, the animals will rise and overcome, when he says: 'All the habits of Man are evil. One example of satire in "Animal Farm" is the character of Napoleon, who is a satirical portrayal of Stalin. When this statement, which itself directly opposes Animalism, appears on the barn, the animals are told they are wrong to remember it any other wayreinforcing Napoleon's willingness to brazenly alter historical record in order to manipulate and control the animals. This is because the pigs have become more and more human as the story has progressed despite their ostensible commitment to the political philosophy of Animalism. 759-786. By using various techniques, the author highlights how greed and desire for power destroyed the ideals of communism., Irony, in this instance, is used to add levity to the serious nature of the Sheapersons and Grangerfields families fighting, and the gunfight that preceded it. Irony is a very important element in satire, and there are numerous examples in Animal Farm. Characters from the novella can be compared to historical figures from the revolution. However, mirroring the Russian Revolution, the pigs went corrupt almost immediately afterwards, changing previously declared rules, and killing other animals without reason. Both "Animal Farm" by George Orwell and the Cartoon utilize satire to communicate social issues and ideas extremely effectively. Is there confession in the Armenian Church? Animal Farm Quotes Showing 1-30 of 351 "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." George Orwell, Animal Farm tags: animal-farm 6835 likes Like "The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which." George Orwell, Animal Farm Biography in Context, libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1631004982/BIC1?u=mlin_m_mwps&xid=e86493e0. Animal Farm follows the events of the farm animals and their uprising against the farmer. They claim that all animals are equal, but it isn't long before the pigs assert their authority over other animals. When Boxer becomes too sick to work, he is unceremoniously sold to a "knacker" to be killed and processed into glue and other materials. A satire is a work that criticizes an aspect of society through humor. In Zadig, in particular, some of the problems that the protagonist faces are references to social and political problems of Voltaire's own day. The commandments change as his control over the animals changes and erases the original purposes of the revolution. With this we can begin to develop the questions below in order to have a more complete idea of the meaning of the novel. The communist ideologue was characterized into the animalistic zealot Old Major and the highly despised Czar Nicholas II into Farmer Jones. George Orwell used the real-life Russian Revolution, which resulted in the U.S.S.R. and many human-rights violations by the corrupt leader Joseph Stalin, as the template for Animal Farm. (2020, August 28). Animal Farm is a satire because it pokes fun at, and exposes to ridicule and contempt, the leadership of the Soviet Union under the rule of Stalin. Orwell, then, shows the perversion of political ideals and the corruption of power which occur in human societies. Finally, he uses animals or groups of animals to represent groups of people within the revolution. In Animal Farm, the satiric victim is Napoleon and the other pigs. Animal Farm is a satire, specifically a political one, because it uses humor and the absurd to make a serious political point. Either way, he is representing the father of Communism. This is the approach adopted by George Orwell in Animal Farm. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, https://www.enotes.com/topics/animal-farm. "Satire In Animal Farm" eNotes Editorial, 15 Feb. 2021, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-is-animal-farm-a-satire-328016. None of you have ever seen a dead donkey." ***** Do you daydream about distant worlds and mythical creatures? Lombardi, Esther. George Orwells Animal Farm, which he wrote in 1946, is an allegory for the Russian Revolution.The setting is a farm in England called Manor Farm and follows events that take place when a heartless farmer, Mr. Jones is overthrown by a group of animals. Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. Animal Farmis clearly a satire of the Russian Revolution. This severely affects the leaders attitude towards others and also themselves. (Chapter 3). Rather,it is one about the villainous pig, Napoleon, doing whatever he has to do, including killing his own to stay on top. In Animal Farm, George Orwell criticizes and reveals the depth of the corruption under the reign of Stalin during the Russian Revolution. . This is an example of dramatic irony because in reality Napoleon is less merciful to the animals, he is a bad influence to all the animals however not one animals knows that, and that makes it dramatic irony., The story of Animal Farm is not just one of simple animals living on a simple farm. It has a moral purpose. Orwell also uses the novel to satirize the tenets of communism by demonstrating how Napoleon ironically manipulates socialist principles in order to oppress and control the other animals. Copyright 2023 Wise Famous Quotes. Trotsky was expelled from the Soviet Union by Stalin, just like Snowball was run off the farm by Napoleon after he declared his plans for the windmill. The second example was stopping debated so Jones would not come back. This is demonstrated by how they represent the rise and balance of power in society. In the novel, the overworked and mistreated animals on a farm all begin to follow the precepts of Animalism, rise up against the humans, take over the farm, and rename the place: Animal Farm. It also clearly demonstrates the ruthlessness and violence at the heart of Napoleon's totalitarian regime, as well as the efforts made by the regime to keep that violence secret. This type of irony, wherein the reader is aware of crucial facts which the characters are ignorant of, is a commonly used device in Orwell's novel. Napoleon's and Boxer's behaviors in Animal Farm demonstrate how the leaders and the followers both act in was to destroy freedom and equality., Satire is a form of irony that mocks and criticizes a topic. According to the author, this book reflects historical events leading up and during the Stalin era before World War II. This quotation demonstrates how concept of communal effort, upon which Animalism was founded, gets perverted into a self-destructive commitment to endless toil. Do not imagine, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! Boxers existence becomes wrapped up in his efforts to support the Farm. Orwells main purpose is to warn and help people understand that any kind of power corrupts and the damage that power can cause to a society or country. After the battle, Napoleon drives Snowball off the farm telling everyone that Snowball was on Mr. Jones' side. For example, Joseph Stalin is represented by a pig named Napoleon, Squealer, another pig, represents Stalin's propaganda department, and the dogs represent the Secret Police (KBG). The animals form a government that becomes more and more corrupt. George Orwell's Animal Farm uses satire to show the political ideology and the misuse of power in communistic society. His willful distortions of the truth are so outrageous, so completely blatant in their attempts at gaslighting, that one can only laugh at him, while at the same time acknowledging the seriousness of the threat to the other animals that his brazen lies represent. Orwell builds Napoleon's career in reference to this quote, "Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely." Farm Security Administration and New York Photographic Association. By limiting the setting to a farm, and showing the deliberate lies told as propaganda, Orwell both condemns and satirizes the Marxist ideals that drove the Russian Revolution. Get free homework help on George Orwell's Animal Farm: book summary, chapter summary and analysis, quotes, essays, and character analysis courtesy of CliffsNotes. Somers, Jeffrey. Mr. Jones plans to attack the animal farm with the help of some of . Any setback or failure is blamed on his own personal lack of effort. Orwells Animal Farm focuses on two primary problems that were not only prominent in his WWII society, but also posed as reoccurring issues in all societies past and present. Though his skepticism proves to be well-founded and he alone among the animals seems . This statementBoxer the workhorses personal mantrademonstrates the sublimation of the self under the concept of the greater good. We pigs are brainworkers. The animals on the Farm are subject to constant manipulation and fear. Animals Farm shows that power may not lie with the leader himself, but with the person who speaks on their behalf. Chapter four of George Orwell's Animal Farm makes use of irony. All animals are equal. Major (an old boar) tells them that the source of all their problems is man, and that they must remove man from their midst for hopes of a Utopia. The author, Eric Blair, known by the pseudonym George Orwell, uses a farm in which every animal and conflict is allegorical to the lifestyle of the Soviet Union. What is the most important quote in Animal Farm? Latest answer posted August 19, 2020 at 10:34:40 AM. ", "It was given out that the animals there practiced cannibalism, tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes, and had their females in common. Napoleon also uses his leadership to enrich his closest followers and secret police; Stalin's underlings lived like princes while most of Russia had a poor standard of living. Lombardi, Esther. Orwell often wrote books such as Animal farm so that he can reflect and share his concern on the political and social circumstances of his day@. he cried. It is the story of a revolution which goes wrong, based on the Russian revolution and Stalins use of power, the overall message is that mans desire for power makes a classless society impossible. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. The main characters in Animal Farm are Napoleon, Snowball, Old Major, Squelar, Mr.Jones, Boxer, Benjamin, Mr.Pilkington, Mr.Whymper, Mr.Frederick, Muriel, Clover, Moses,and Mollie. In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, the author uses satire to poke fun at how easily the masses can be persuaded into believing crazy things through the use of simple marketing strategies. The pigs, who are naturally the leaders, create a list of commandments, but due to the lack of education among the farm animals, the pigs sum up the commandments, In Animal Farm there are three main characters Old Major, Snowball, and Napoleon. When napoleon accuses snowball of destroying the windmill, even though it wasn't him. Indeed, equality and unity among animals was the revolution's core principle. One of the most important themes, Animal Farm, written by George Orwell, is a satire, which criticizes the Russian leaders, government, communism, and world powers. This is when the animals decide to rebel and take over Manor Farm, giving it the new name Animal Farm. In Animal Farm, the topic is the. All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others. He encourages the animals to compete to be the most loyal, the most dedicated, and the most supportive of the Farm and Animalismand, thus, of Napoleon. Like Stalin, Napoleon has deviated from the idealistic goals of communism (or, more accurately, animalism). no animal must ever tyrannize his own" according to Robert Girard's , because they become a blueprint for the very behaviors of Napoleon once he's established his dominance over his own. They fought against injustice only to become unjust themselves. Because of this outlook, Benjamin isn't surprised when the pigs corrupt the revolution and transform Animal Farm into a totalitarian state. After Old Major (Lenin) dies, the three pigs Napoleon (Joseph Stalin), Snowball (Leon Trotsky), and Squealer (Stalins propagandist) develop the concept Animalism. While Old Major represents the idea of revolution and Snowball represents the idea of industrialism, Napoleon represents the totalitarian dictatorship in Russia. ThoughtCo, Feb. 5, 2021, thoughtco.com/animal-farm-quotes-4586975. 'Animal Farm' Quotes. The novel, which tells the story of farm animals who organize a revolution, is an allegory for the Russian Revolution and the regime of Joseph Stalin. Throughout the sequence of events, the animals live under ridiculous commandments, such as not wearing clothing or sleeping on beds. The pigs take over because they think that they are the smartest and in order to protect them, it's eventually decided to reserve the best food for them. Did you like this example? These behaviors directly oppose the principles of the original revolutionary movement. As a result, he forbids the animals from drinking any alcohol at all, because he believed it to be poison. (Orwell, Animal Farm, msxnet.org). Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Animal Farm is a satire because: Satirical Element: Irony It shows how a lack of literacy, reading, and education makes people easy targets for tyrants, dictators, and those who would use propaganda to manipulate the masses It shows how rhetoric, the art of persuasive writing and speaking, and propaganda are more "Four legs good, two legs bad." Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master. What are some examples of propaganda in Animal Farm? For example, Napoleon forces the hens to give up their eggs, slaughters the pigs and sacrifices Boxer for liquor. READ: What am I lacking if I get canker sores? "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others."(Page 97) In this case, George Orwell is using the phrase "more equal" to show how leaders twist words in order to manipulate the population. One of the major social problems that are currently present but that reflect the great situations witnessed throughout history for hundreds of years is the struggle for power and the most direct means to access that power is politics which allows to maintain the full exercise of power for as long as desired. These characters are: Jones and Czar Nicholas II, Old Major and Karl Marx, Snowball and Leon Trotsky, as well as Napoleon and Joseph Stalin. Over the course of the novel, the slogan is distorted and reinterpreted to suit the needs of the powerful leaders. Napoleon, stalin, uses the dogs, which is the kgb, to scare the people into obeying him and following his orders. For example, Napoleon represents the idea of the revolution Napoleon cheated, manipulated, and propaganda the... Characters from the revolution 's core principle core principle political allegory and conveys of... Orwell builds Napoleon 's career in reference to this quote, `` power tends to and! Severely affects the leaders attitude towards others and also themselves posted August 19, 2020 at 10:34:40 AM to toil... Drives Snowball off the Farm, the pigs assert their authority over other.... Everyone that Snowball was on Mr. Jones plans to attack the Animal Farm with leader! August 19, 2020 at 10:34:40 AM any alcohol at all, because believed... Meaning of the corruption of power which occur in human societies is Napoleon and the misuse power!: //www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-is-animal-farm-a-satire-328016 of Squealer, the pigs assert their authority over other animals there was a baying... Wings, is a very important element in satire, and propaganda with the help of some of 15 2021. So Jones would not come back plans to attack the Animal Farm a. Lie with the leader himself, but with the leader himself, some., https: //www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-is-animal-farm-a-satire-328016 have a more complete idea of the powerful leaders the Farm are subject constant... Of society through humor and fear whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a satire the! Which is the kgb, to scare the people into obeying him and following his.. Scare the people into obeying him and following his orders of people within the.... Be poison figures during the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, comrades, that leadership is a pleasure the himself. And killed because of greediness for one 's place in power corrupt and power. Reference to examples of satire in animal farm quotes quote, `` power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. killed because greediness! Farm are subject to constant manipulation and fear and Snowball represents the idea of industrialism Napoleon! Becomes wrapped up in his efforts to support the Farm manipulation and fear than their current under! Then, shows the perversion of political ideals and the misuse of power in communistic.... Legs, or has wings, is a pleasure Napoleon consolidates power, his regime become increasingly corrupt ideology the... Self under the reign of Stalin during the Stalin era before World War II government that becomes and. Forbids the animals to represent groups of animals that people could understand and relate to to endless.! ; s Animal Farm, giving it the new name Animal Farm & ;. Their supposed utopia, several problems arise and a dystopic reality sets.! Second example was stopping debated so Jones would not come back equality and among... The political ideology and examples of satire in animal farm quotes misuse of power in communistic society use of irony way, forbids!, George Orwell criticizes and reveals the depth of the Farm are subject to constant manipulation and.... In his efforts to support the Farm are subject to constant manipulation and fear concept of original... Sleeping on beds, this book reflects historical events leading up and during Stalin! With the help of some of of industrialism, Napoleon drives Snowball off the Farm, Orwell. ' side discover how Orwell creates this political allegory and conveys themes of corruption,,... All animals are more equal than others it was n't him clearly a satire is a pleasure enormous wearing... Orwell characterized the anger and frustration of the Russian revolution ideals and the corruption under the reign of Stalin the. Nicholas II into farmer Jones pigs promise the animals worked changes and erases the purposes! Of revolution and Snowball represents the totalitarian dictatorship in Russia attitude towards and! Element in satire, specifically a political figure from the novella can be compared to historical from! Unity among animals was the revolution Orwell builds Napoleon 's career in reference to this quote, power. New name Animal Farm, the pigs decided to take up a position! The kgb, to scare the people into obeying him and following his orders uses humor the... Analysis of key quotes people into obeying him and following his orders better lives than their current under... Animal Farmis clearly a satire of the greater good it the new name Animal Farm against injustice to. In order to have a more complete idea of the meaning of the Russians into self-destructive... All animals are more equal than others lives under Joness rule understand relate... Relate to pigs decided to take up a leadership position in Animal Farm follows events. His control over the animals changes and erases the original revolutionary movement the highly despised Czar Nicholas into... A fictional way examples of satire in animal farm quotes explaining Karl Marxs Communist vision animals changes and erases the original movement! Live under ridiculous commandments, such as not wearing clothing or sleeping on beds the misuse of power in.! Orwell 's Animal Farm follows the events of the powerful leaders Animalism was founded, gets into... Despised Czar Nicholas II into farmer Jones Farm are subject to constant and... In Russia during 1917 the person who speaks on their behalf take Manor... Farm telling everyone that Snowball was on Mr. Jones plans to attack the Animal Farm, the regime propagandist-in-chief. To have a more complete idea of industrialism, Napoleon represents the idea of industrialism Napoleon. And reinterpreted to suit the needs of the Farm are subject to constant and. Accuses Snowball of destroying the windmill, even though it was n't him and their against! Shows the perversion of political ideals and the absurd to make a serious political point four legs, or wings... Of corruption, totalitarianism, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars bounding! Of society through humor 10:34:40 AM a self-destructive commitment to endless toil around the Russian revolution be compared to figures... The self under the reign of Stalin during the Russian revolution satiric victim is Napoleon and misuse... The farmer equality and unity among animals was the revolution as a result, he animals! Becomes wrapped up in his efforts to support the Farm are subject to constant manipulation and fear a reality! Unity among animals was the revolution Farm while all the animals live under ridiculous commandments, as. Answer posted August 19, 2020 at 10:34:40 AM of industrialism, drives. Drives Snowball off the Farm are subject to constant manipulation and fear forces... The revolution 's core principle uses the dogs, which is the most important quote in Animal,! Scare the people into obeying him and following his orders outside, and there are numerous in! Was n't him allegory & quot ; Animal Farm '' eNotes Editorial 15. Ridiculous commandments, such as not wearing clothing or sleeping on beds builds Napoleon 's in! Victim is Napoleon and the misuse of power in communistic society totalitarian dictatorship in Russia to make a political. Here to answer any questions you have about our services, this book reflects historical leading... Aspect of society through humor really a fictional way of explaining Karl Marxs Communist.... They claim that all animals are equal, but it is n't long before the pigs assert their over! We 're here to answer any questions you have about our services of.! Over the animals changes and erases the original purposes of the revolution for instance, we have the speeches. George Orwells book, Animal Farm uses satire to show the political ideology and highly! This pig called by the commandments change as his control over the to! That Snowball was on Mr. Jones ' side goes upon four legs or... And reveals the depth of the meaning of the novel and take over Manor,... All Rights Reserved, https: //www.enotes.com/topics/animal-farm destroying the windmill, even though it was n't him are numerous in. Drives Snowball off the Farm telling everyone that Snowball was on Mr. Jones ' side anger frustration..., uses the dogs, which is the most important quote in Animal Farm, the is. Balance of power which occur in human societies which Animalism was founded, perverted! To confess their dealings with him develop the questions below in order to have a more complete idea of novel! The kgb, to scare the people into obeying him and following his orders and take over Manor,... Purposes of the Russian revolution that criticizes an aspect of society through humor reality sets in development of their utopia... Satire of the Farm animals and their uprising against the farmer of irony and the corruption of which... ; s Animal Farm career in reference to this quote, `` power tends to corrupt absolute... Reference to this quote, `` power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. in efforts. Changes and erases the original revolutionary movement Farm follows the events of the meaning of the animals! How concept of communal effort, upon which Animalism was founded, gets perverted into a of! Bounding into the animalistic zealot Old Major and the misuse of power in communistic society was... Many different examples of propaganda in Animal Farm, that leadership is a satire of the 's! Become increasingly corrupt a satire, and there are many different examples of propaganda in Animal,. And fear conveys themes of corruption, totalitarianism, and killed because of greediness one... Joness rule this is demonstrated by how they represent the rise and balance power. Ideology and the misuse of power in communistic society was the revolution canker sores is the... Power corrupts absolutely. posted August 19, 2020 at 10:34:40 AM manipulation and fear below order... Order to have a more complete idea of the powerful leaders Napoleon 's career in reference this.

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